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GHS Classification Result

GENERAL INFORMATION

Item	Information
CAS RN	85-00-7
Chemical Name	1,1'-Ethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium dibromide [Diquat]
Substance ID	H29-B-055
Classification year (FY)	FY2017
Ministry who conducted the classification	Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)/Ministry of the Environment (MOE)
New/Revised	Revised
Classification result in other fiscal year	FY2006
Download of Excel format	Excel file

REFERENCE INFORMATION

Item	Information
Guidance used for the classification (External link)	GHS Classification Guidance for the Japanese Government (FY2013 revised edition (Ver. 1.1))
UN GHS document (External link)	UN GHS document
Definitions/Abbreviations (Excel file)	Definitions/Abbreviations
Model Label by MHLW (External link)
Model SDS by MHLW (External link)	MHLW Website (in Japanese Only)
OECD/eChemPortal (External link)	eChemPortal

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Hazard class		Classification	Pictogram Signal word	Hazard statement (code)	Precautionary statement (code)	Rationale for the classification
1	Explosives	Not applicable	- -	-	-	There are no chemical groups associated with explosive properties present in the molecule.
2	Flammable gases (including chemically unstable gases)	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition).
3	Aerosols	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Not aerosol products.
4	Oxidizing gases	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition).
5	Gases under pressure	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition).
6	Flammable liquids	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition).
7	Flammable solids	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	There is the information that it is poorly flammable (GESTIS (Access on June 2017)), but the classification is not possible due to no data.
8	Self-reactive substances and mixtures	Not applicable	- -	-	-	There are no chemical groups present in the molecule associated with explosive or self-reactive properties.
9	Pyrophoric liquids	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition).
10	Pyrophoric solids	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	No data available.
11	Self-heating substances and mixtures	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	No data available.
12	Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases	Not applicable	- -	-	-	The chemical structure of the substance does not contain metals or metalloids (B, Si, P, Ge, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, Bi, Po, At).
13	Oxidizing liquids	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition).
14	Oxidizing solids	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Organic compounds containing no oxygen, fluorine or chlorine
15	Organic peroxides	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Organic compounds containing no bivalent -O-O- structure in the molecule
16	Corrosive to metals	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	Test methods applicable to solid substances are not available. Besides, there is the information that it is corrosive to metals (HSDB (Access on June 2017)).

HEALTH HAZARDS

Hazard class		Classification	Pictogram Signal word	Hazard statement (code)	Precautionary statement (code)	Rationale for the classification
1	Acute toxicity (Oral)	Category 4	Warning	H302	P301+P312 P264 P270 P330 P501	Based on reports of LD50 values of 214 mg ion/kg (males) (converted value equivalent to this substance: 400 mg/kg), 222 mg ion/kg (females) (converted value equivalent to this substance: 415 mg/kg), 231 mg ion/kg (both sexes) (a converted value equivalent to this substance: 432 mg/kg) (the above three values from JMPR (1993)), 600 mg/kg (females), and 810 mg/kg (males) (the above two values from EPA Pesticide (1995)) for rats, it was classified in Category 4. A pesticide abstract and evaluation report (Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, 1993) used in the previous classification could not be obtained and confirmed, therefore, was not used. The category was changed from the previous classification by using new information sources.
1	Acute toxicity (Dermal)	Category 3	Danger	H311	P302+P352 P361+P364 P280 P312 P321 P405 P501	The following five LD50 values for rabbits were reported: 50-100 mg ion/kg (converted value equivalent to this substance: 93-187 mg/kg) (JMPR (1993)), 262 mg/kg (males), 288.5 mg/kg (both sexes), 315 mg/kg (females) (all of the above three values from EPA Pesticide (1995)), and > 400 mg ion/kg (females) (converted value equivalent to this substance: > 747 mg/kg) (JMPR (1993)). One corresponds to Category 2, three correspond to Category 3, and one does not allow classification. By adopting the category with the largest number of cases, it was classified in Category 3. The pesticide abstract and evaluation report (Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, 1993) used in the previous classification could not be obtained and confirmed, therefore, it was not used. The category was changed from the previous classification by using the new information sources.
1	Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Gases)	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition)
1	Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Vapours)	Not applicable	- -	-	-	Solid (GHS definition)
1	Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Dusts and mists)	Category 2	Danger	H330	P304+P340 P403+P233 P260 P271 P284 P310 P320 P405 P501	Based on the LC50 values of 0.121 mg ion/L (males) (converted value equivalent to this substance: 0.226 mg/L) and 0.132 mg ion/L (females) (converted value equivalent to this substance: 0.247 mg/L) (both values from JMPR (1993)) in a 4-hour inhalation exposure test with rats exposed to the aerosol of this substance, it was classified in Category 2. The category was changed from the previous classification by using the new information sources.
2	Skin corrosion/irritation	Category 2	Warning	H315	P302+P352 P332+P313 P362+P364 P264 P280 P321	It is reported that this substance is moderately irritating in a skin irritation test with rats (JMPR (1993)). Therefore, this substance was classified in Category 2. Besides, this substance was classified as Skin Irrit. 2 in the EU CLP classification (ECHA CL Inventory (Access on June 2017)).
3	Serious eye damage/eye irritation	Category 2	Warning	H319	P305+P351+P338 P337+P313 P264 P280	It is reported that this substance is severely to slightly irritating in an eye irritation test with rabbits (EPA Pesticide (1995)). Therefore, this substance was classified in Category 2. Besides, this substance was classified as Eye Irrit. 2 in the EU CLP classification (ECHA CL Inventory (Access on June 2017)).
4	Respiratory sensitization	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	Classification not possible due to lack of data.
4	Skin sensitization	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	Classification not possible due to lack of data. Besides, this substance was classified as Skin Sens. 1 in the EU CLP classification (ECHA CL Inventory (Access on June 2017)). The pesticide abstract and evaluation report (Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, 1993) used in the previous classification could not be obtained and confirmed, therefore, was not used. Based on the information obtained in this investigation, the category was revised.
5	Germ cell mutagenicity	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	The substance was classified as "Classification not possible" because it was not possible to classify a substance as "Not classified" according to the revised GHS classification guidance for the Japanese Government. As for in vivo, it was negative in a dominant lethal test with mice, a micronucleus test with mouse bone marrow cells, and an unscheduled DNA synthesis test with rat liver cells (EPA Pesticide (1995)). As for in vitro, it was negative in a bacterial reverse mutation test and positive in a mouse lymphoma test and a chromosome aberration test with mammalian cultured cells (EPA Pesticide (1995)).
6	Carcinogenicity	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	It was concluded that in two-year carcinogenicity studies with rats and mice dosed by feeding, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in either rats or mice (ACGIH (7th, 2001), EPA Pesticide (1995)). Note that although an increased incidence (3/49 cases (6%)) of osteosarcoma was observed at the high dose (375 ppm) in male rats (the incidence in background data was 0-2%), the EPA concluded that this was spontaneous rather than effects due to the administration of this substance (EPA Pesticide (1995)). As for the results of classification by other organizations, the EPA classified it as Group E (EPA Pesticide (1995)), and the ACGIH classified it in A4 (ACGIH (7th, 2001)). Based on the classification result by the ACGIH, which was the more recent, it was classified as "Classification not possible."
7	Reproductive toxicity	Category 2	Warning	H361	P308+P313 P201 P202 P280 P405 P501	In a two-generation study with rats dosed by feeding, in the F0 and F1 parental animals in the high-dose group (as for F0 generation, dosed at 400 ppm and as for F1 generation, dosed at 400 ppm for 4 weeks followed by a reduction to 240 ppm), as general toxicity, decreased body weight gain as well as ulcers on the palate and tongue, lesions in the eye (opacity of the eyeball and cataracts), etc. were observed, and as reproductive and developmental effects, decreased numbers of F1 pups per litter and decreased body weight gain in the F1 and F2 pups at weaning (postnatal day 22) were observed (EPA Pesticide (1995), Environmental Risk Assessment for Chemical Substances Vol.5, Tentative Hazard Assessment Sheet (Ministry of the Environment, 2006)). In developmental toxicity studies with pregnant rats or pregnant rabbits dosed by gavage during the organogenesis period, in the rat study, an increased incidence of fetuses with renal hemorrhage at 40 mg/kg/day exceeding the doses where maternal toxicity was manifested (decreases in body-weight gain and food consumption were observed at and above 4 mg/kg/day), and in the rabbit study, an increased incidence of fetuses with fragility of the liver and mottled livers at 10 mg/kg/day exceeding the doses with maternal toxicity (decreases in body-weight gain and food consumption were observed at and above 3 mg/kg/day) were reported (EPA Pesticide (1995)). From the above, because reduced litter sizes in the two-generation study with rats and an increased incidence of fetuses with macroscopic abnormalities in the liver and kidney in the developmental toxicity studies with rats and rabbits were all observed at doses causing general toxicity to the parental animals, it was classified in Category 2. Besides, since new information sources different from those in the previous classification were used, the classification was changed.
8	Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure	Category 1 (central nervous system, kidney)	Danger	H370	P308+P311 P260 P264 P270 P321 P405 P501	In humans, two cases of poisoning through ingestion of this substance are reported. It is described that in one case, abdominal pain of the initial symptom, followed by oliguria, coma, and shock occurred, resulting in cardiac arrest, and in the other case, renal failure, anuria, and ventricular fibrillation occurred, followed by death (JMPR (1993)). It is described that when the intake is relatively small, symptoms may not be seen for 24-48 hours, but afterward, the volume of circulating fluid in the body decreases markedly (hypovolemia), acute tubular necrosis, and hemorrhagic lesions in the central nervous system were caused (ACGIH (7th, 2001)). As for experimental animals, it is reported that in a single oral dose test with rats, diarrhea, piloerection, urinary incontinence, tip toe gait, hunched position, and behavioral suppression were observed at 150 mg/kg within the range of Category 1 (EPA Pesticide (1995)). In addition, it is described that in rats, mice, rabbits, and dogs, oral LD50 values are 62-200 mg/kg, which is equivalent to the range of Category 1, and little symptoms were observed for 24 hours after ingestion of a lethal dose, but later, the animals showed lethargy, dyspnea, decreased body weight, and weakening, and died at 2-14 days after administration (ACGIH (7th, 2001)). From the above, this substance was thought to affect the central nervous system and kidney, therefore, was classified in Category 1 (central nervous system, kidney).
9	Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure	Category 1 (respiratory organs, eye), Category 2 (gastrointestinal tract)	Danger Warning	H372 H373	P260 P264 P270 P314 P501	No information on humans is available. As for experimental animals, in a three-week inhalation toxicity test with rats (6 hours/day, 5 days/week), multifocal chronic interstitial pneumonia, reddening, etc. of the lungs, and increases in absolute and relative lung weights at or above 0.49 mg ion/m3 (converted value equivalent to this substance: 0.91mg/m3) (converted guidance value: 0.000152 mg/L) within the guidance value range for Category 1 are reported (Environmental Risk Assessment for Chemical Substances Vol.5, Tentative Hazard Assessment Sheet (Ministry of the Environment, 2006), EPA Pesticide (1995)). In addition, in a two-year repeated oral dose toxicity test with rats dosed by feeding, at or above 15 ppm (males: 0.58 mg ion/kg/day, converted value equivalent to this substance: 1.08 mg/kg/day; females: 0.72 mg ion/kg/day, converted value equivalent to this substance: 1.34 mg/kg/day) within the guidance value range for Category 1, cataracts and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times were observed, at or above 75 ppm (males: 2.91 mg ion/kg/day, converted value equivalent to this substance: 5.43 mg/kg/day; females: 3.64 mg ion/kg/day, converted value equivalent to this substance: 6.8 mg/kg/day), lens opacities, increased blood urea nitrogen levels, and decreased total protein and albumin in the serum were observed, and at 375 ppm (males: 14.88 mg ion/kg/day, converted value equivalent to this substance: 27.8 mg/kg/day; females: 19.44 mg ion/kg/day, converted value equivalent to this substance: 36.3 mg/kg/day) within the guidance value range for Category 2, decreases in the mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin concentration were observed. Also in a one-year repeated oral dose toxicity test with dogs dosed by feeding, cataracts were seen at or above 2.5 mg ion/kg/day (converted value equivalent to this substance: 4.67 mg/kg/day) within the guidance value range for Category 1, and decreased body weight gain, increased absolute and relative kidney weights, and colitis (reduced mucosal thickness, loss or abnormality of the mucosal glands, epithelial hyperplasia in the crypts, and increased goblet cell activity) were observed at 12.5 mg ion/kg/day (converted value equivalent to this substance: 23.34 mg/kg/day) within the guidance value range for Category 2 (Environmental Risk Assessment for Chemical Substances Vol.5, Tentative Hazard Assessment Sheet (Ministry of the Environment, 2006), JMPR (1993)). From the above, it was classified in Category 1 (respiratory organs, eye) and Category 2 (gastrointestinal tract). Besides, since new information sources were used, the classification result was changed from the previous classification.
10	Aspiration hazard	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	Classification not possible due to lack of data.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

Hazard class		Classification	Pictogram Signal word	Hazard statement (code)	Precautionary statement (code)	Rationale for the classification
11	Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Acute)	Category 1	Warning	H400	P273 P391 P501	From 96-hour LC50 = 1.02 mg/L for crustacea (Mysid Shrimp) (EPA RED: 1995), it was classified in Category 1.
11	Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Long-term)	Category 1	Warning	H410	P273 P391 P501	Reliable chronic toxicity data were not obtained. Due to being not rapidly degradable (non-biodegradable, a degradation rate by BOD: 0% (J-CHECK, 1984)), and acute toxicity Category 1, it was classified in Category 1.
12	Hazardous to the ozone layer	Classification not possible	- -	-	-	No data available.

NOTE:

* A blank or "-" in a cell of classification denotes that the classification of the hazard class was not conducted.
* Hazard_statement_and/or_Precautionary_statement will show when hovering the mouse over a code of Hazard_statement_and/or_Precautionary_statement.
Hazard_statement_and/or_Precautionary_statement are also provided in the Excel file.
* Classification was conducted by relevant Japanese Ministries in accordance with GHS Classification Guidance for the Japanese Government,
and is intended to provide a reference for preparing GHS labelling and SDS for users.
* This is a provisional English translation of classification results and is subject to revision without notice.
* The responsibility for any resulting GHS labelling and SDS referenced from this site is with users.
* Codes assigned to each of the hazard statements and codes for each of the precautionary statement are
based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) in United Nations.

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