Latest GHS Classification Results by the Japanese Government (edited by NITE)
GENERAL INFORMATION
REFERENCE INFORMATION
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
HEALTH HAZARDS
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
NOTE:
GENERAL INFORMATION
| Item | Information |
|---|---|
| CAS RN | 10588-01-9 |
| Chemical Name | Sodium dichromate |
| Substance ID | m-nite-10588-01-9_v1 |
| Download of Excel format | Excel file |
REFERENCE INFORMATION
| Item | Information |
|---|---|
| Guidance used for the classification (External link) | To Guidance List |
| UN GHS document (External link) | To UN GHS document |
| FAQ（GHS classification results by the Japanese Government） | To FAQ |
| List of Information Sources (Excel file) | List of Information Sources |
| List of Definitions/Abbreviations | Definitions/Abbreviations |
| Sample Label by MHLW (External link) | MHLW Website (in Japanese Only) |
| Sample SDS by MHLW (External link) | MHLW Website (in Japanese Only) |
| OECD/eChemPortal (External link) | To OECD/eChemPortal (External link) |
| Hazard class | Classification | Pictogram Signal word |
Hazard statement (code) |
Precautionary statement (code) |
Rationale for the classification | Classification year (FY) | GHS Classification Guidance for the Japanese Government | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Explosives | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | There are no chemical groups associated with explosive properties present in the molecule. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 2 | Flammable gases | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 3 | Aerosols | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Not aerosol products. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 4 | Oxidizing gases | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 5 | Gases under pressure | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 6 | Flammable liquids | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 7 | Flammable solids | Not classified |
- |
- | - | Not combustible (Weiss (2nd, 1985), ICSC (J) (2005)) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 8 | Self-reactive substances and mixtures | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | There are no chemical groups present in the molecule associated with explosive or self-reactive properties. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 9 | Pyrophoric liquids | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 10 | Pyrophoric solids | Not classified |
- |
- | - | Not combustible (Weiss (2nd, 1985), ICSC (J) (2005)) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 11 | Self-heating substances and mixtures | Not classified |
- |
- | - | Not combustible (Weiss (2nd, 1985), ICSC (J) (2005)) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 12 | Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases | Not classified |
- |
- | - | Based on the description that the substance is readily soluble in water (Chemical Substance Safety Data Book (The Chemical Substance Safety Information Workshop) (1994)), its water solubility is 187 g/100 g H2O (25 degC) (Lide (85th, 2004)) and it does not react with water (Weiss (2nd, 1985)), it is classified as "Not classified". | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 13 | Oxidizing liquids | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 14 | Oxidizing solids | Not classified |
- |
- | - | The substance is reported as "no oxidizing properties" (IUCLID (2000)), therefore we judged that it does not corresponding to Category 1 - 3, it is classified as "Not classified". As relevant notes, it is also reported that the substance is strong oxidizing agent and reacts with combustible or reducing substances (ICSC (J) (2005)) and ammonium dichromate is classified into Division 5.1, PG III (UN1439). | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 15 | Organic peroxides | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Inorganic compound | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 16 | Corrosive to metals | Classification not possible |
- |
- | - | Test methods applicable to solid substances are not available. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 17 | Desensitized explosives | - |
- |
- | - | - | - | - |
| Hazard class | Classification | Pictogram Signal word |
Hazard statement (code) |
Precautionary statement (code) |
Rationale for the classification | Classification year (FY) | GHS Classification Guidance for the Japanese Government | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acute toxicity (Oral) | Category 3 |
 Danger |
H301 | P301+P310 P264 P270 P321 P330 P405 P501 |
Four LD50 values for rats of 59 mg/kg (male), 46 mg/kg (female) (both from EU-RAR 53 (2005)), 221.9 mg/kg (male, converted value from the dihydrate) and 159.1 mg/kg (female, converted value from the dihydrate) (both from "Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals"(Chemicals Investigation Promoting Council) (access on Jun. 2009)) were reported in the "List 1" information source designated in the GHS classification guidance for the Japanese government. The three of them corresponded to Category 3, and the other corresponded to Category 2. Since the majority of obtaining data corresponded to it, the substance was classified as Category 3. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 1 | Acute toxicity (Dermal) | Category 3 |
Danger |
H311 | P302+P352 P361+P364 P280 P312 P321 P405 P501 |
Based on the rabbit LD50 value of 960 mg/kg (EU-RAR 53 (2005)), the substance was classified into Category 3. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 1 | Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Gases) | Not classified (Not applicable) |
- |
- | - | Solid (GHS definition) | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 1 | Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Vapours) | Classification not possible |
- |
- | - | No data available. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 1 | Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Dusts and mists) | Category 2 |
Danger |
H330 | P304+P340 P403+P233 P260 P271 P284 P310 P320 P405 P501 |
Based on the rat LC50 value of 0.2 mg/L/4hrs (EU-RAR 53 (2005)), the substance was classified as Category 2. According to the description of "aerosol" in the test method, the criterion values for dust/mist were adopted. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 2 | Skin corrosion/irritation | Category 1 |
 Danger |
H314 | P301+P330+P331 P303+P361+P353 P305+P351+P338 P304+P340 P260 P264 P280 P310 P321 P363 P405 P501 |
Application of the substance as a solution or moistened state to rabbit skin for 4 hours resulted in irritant responses of erythema and edema of grade 3 or less, and skin reaction was still present at 6 days after application (EU-RAR 53 (2005)). In another rabbit test, 24-hour application of 500 mg of the substance caused very strong irritation and partly corrosions (IUCLID (2000)). In humans, it was reported that the substance caused vesicles, papulae and congestion by contact with skin, and that formation of ulcers, so-called chrome ulcers, were especially important issues (EHC 61 (1988)). In human experience, direct contact with highly water-soluble chrome compounds revealed severe burns to human skin (EU-RAR 53 (2005)). As mentioned above, the substance caused corrosions to animals, and caused ulcers and severe burns to human skin. The substance was classified as "C: R34" in the EU classification (EU-Annex I (2005)). Based on the information, the substance was classified as Category 1. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 3 | Serious eye damage/eye irritation | Category 1 |
Danger |
H318 | P305+P351+P338 P280 P310 |
In the rabbit test, instillation of 50 mg of the substance to the eyes caused strong irritativeness and corrosive effects on the cornea (IUCLID (2000)). There were many case reports of eye injury by accidental splashing of highly water-soluble chrome compounds into eyes in which inflammation of the cornea and conjunctivae, corneal erosion and ulceration in more severe cases were noted (EU-RAR 53 (2005)). Based on these documents, the substance was classified as Category 1. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 4 | Respiratory sensitization | Category 1 |
 Danger |
H334 | P304+P340 P342+P311 P261 P284 P501 |
There were many case reports of evidence that inhalation of hexavalent chromium caused asthma. A positive result was reported in the well-conducted bronchial challenge tests (EU-RAR 53 (2005)). The double-blind experimental exposure study in asthmatic patients who were exposed to chromium and nickel, showed that chromium was the main cause of the asthma (EHC 61 (1988)). And it was reported that chromium might cause sensitization that led to asthma (EHC 61 (1988)). Chromium and its compounds were classified as "Group 2" of respiratory sensitization by Japan Society for Occupational Health (Recommendations of Occupational Exposure Limits (2008)). And the substance was classified as "R42/43" in the EU classification (EU-Annex I (2005)). Based on the information mentioned above, the substance was classified as Category 1. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 4 | Skin sensitization | Category 1 |
 Warning |
H317 | P302+P352 P333+P313 P362+P364 P261 P272 P280 P321 P501 |
It was reported that skin sensitization as the result of exposure to chromates was observed in many occupations, most frequently in the building industry workers who handled cement (DFGMAK-Doc. 7 (1996)). It is also reported that chromium is a severe skin sensitizer, and about 6 - 9 months are required for sensitization. There were many other reports indicating skin sensitization characteristics by chromium or chromates (EHC 61 (1988)). In the guinea pig maximization test, application of potassium dichromate caused sensitization and positive rate was 53% (8/15) (KemI-Riskline (2000)). Chromium and its compounds were classified as "Group 1" of skin sensitization by Japan Society for Occupational Health (Recommendations of Occupational Exposure Limits (2008)). And the substance was classified as "R42/43" in the EU classification (EU-Annex I (2005)). Based on these documents, the substance was classified as Category 1. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 5 | Germ cell mutagenicity | Category 2 |
Warning |
H341 | P308+P313 P201 P202 P280 P405 P501 |
The substance was classified as Category 2 based on the positive results in the chromosome aberration test using the bone marrow cells of rats or mice intraperitoneally administered (in vivo mutagenicity test in somatic cells) (EU-RAR 53 (2005), HSDB (2009)). As relevant information, positive results were reported in the DNA damage test (in vivo genotoxicity test in somatic cells) using the liver, kidney or peripheral blood of rats intraperitoneally administered (IUCLID (2000)). As for in vitro studies, positive results were reported in the Ames test ("Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals"(Chemicals Investigation Promoting Council) (Access on Jun. 2009)), chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster cultured cells (CHL or CHO) ("Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals"(Chemicals Investigation Promoting Council) (Access on Jun. 2009), IARC 49 (1999)) and chromosome aberration test using human peripheral blood lymphocytes (IARC 49 (1999)). | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 6 | Carcinogenicity | Category 1A |
Danger |
H350 | P308+P313 P201 P202 P280 P405 P501 |
The substance was classified as Category 1A based on the carcinogenicity criteria of "Group 1"in the IARC (IARC 49 (1990)), "A1" in the ACGIH (ACGIH (2001)) and "Group 1" in recommendations for allowable concentrations of Japan Society For Occupational Health(JSOH) (Recommendations for allowable concentrations of Japan Society For Occupational Health (JSOH) (2008)) as hexavalent chromium compounds. As relevant information, in some epidemiological studies targeting the workers in the chromium compounds production plants in Japan, USA, UK and various countries, significant increases in the incidence of lung cancer by exposure of chromium compounds was reported (IARC 49 (1990)). In animal experiments, on the examination after 12-month observation period following 18 months exposure period by inhalation to rats, lung tumors (3/19) were observed in the high dose group, but no tumors (0/37) in the control group (IARC 49 (1990)). | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 7 | Reproductive toxicity | Category 1B |
Danger |
H360 | P308+P313 P201 P202 P280 P405 P501 |
[Rationale for the Classification] Information on reproductive effects of this substance (sodium dichromate) does not exist for humans and is limited for experimental animals. However, because this substance is a water-soluble hexavalent chromium compound and is thought to act as hexavalent chromium in the body, it was judged that animal test data on potassium dichromate (CAS: 7778-50-9) could be used for classification. As for experimental animals, mating test results on a water-soluble hexavalent chromium compound (potassium dichromate) were: (1) as the result of oral dosing females followed by mating with untreated males, or oral dosing females during a gestation period, pre-or post-implantation deaths/resorptions of embryos/fetuses were markedly observed in both rats and mice, and live fetuses showed subdermal hemorrhage and malformations in the tail in addition to low body weight; (2) adverse effects on sexual function (copulation, ejaculation) were found in males; (3) possibilities of various reproductive toxicity effects by causing functional/mechanical adverse effects on the ovary in females were indicated. Besides, after repeated oral doses (by diet or drinking water) of this substance to male rats or potassium dichromate to male mice or monkeys, disorders of male genetic organs and spermatogenesis were observed as written in (4). As from the above, effects on fertility and developmental effects found in oral administration tests mainly on a potassium salt are thought to be applicable to this substance, however, knowledge on effects on humans by occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium is limited to (5). Therefore, this substance was classified in Category 1B. Besides, the classification result was revised by using information on a potassium salt and other compounds including this substance. [Evidence Data] (1) As the result of dosing female rats or mice with potassium dichromate for 20 days by drinking water followed by mating with untreated males, resorptions from pre-or post-implantation deaths of embryos/fetuses were evident, and live fetuses showed external anomalies such as subdermal hemorrhagic patches, kinky tails, and short tails in addition to low body weight and delayed skeletal formation. Moreover, also in a test in which pregnant mice were dosed with potassium dichromate by drinking water, subdermal hemorrhage and anomalies in the tails were found in fetuses at the maternal toxicity doses (CICAD (2013), ATSDR (2012), EU-RAR (2005)). (2) As the result of dosing male rats with potassium dichromate for 12 weeks by drinking water followed by mating with untreated females, a decreased number of mounts, lower percentage of ejaculating males, increased ejaculatory latency, and postejaculatory interval were observed as alterations in sexual behavior (CICAD (2013)). (3) As the result of dosing female rats with potassium dichromate for 20 days or 90 days by drinking water followed by mating with untreated males, decreases in female fertility index and male fertility index, increased pre-or post-implantation losses of embryos were found, and a decreased number of corpora lutea and extended or disturbed estrus cycles were observed in addition at the high doses. Moreover, as the result of dosing female mice with potassium dichromate for 20 days by drinking water, a reduction in the number of follicles at different stages of maturation, a decrease in the number of ovum/animal, histopathological alterations in the ovary (proliferated/dilatated blood vessels, pyknotic nuclei in follicular cells, atretic follicles) were observed (CICAD (2013), ATSDR (2012)). (4) Oral dosing male rats with this substance for 90 days caused testicular toxicity (histological/biochemical changes) and decreased spermatogenesis, and dosing male mice with potassium dichromate by diet for seven weeks caused degeneration in the seminiferous tubules, reduced sperm count, morphological defect of the sperms (CICAD (2013)). Moreover, in a test in male monkeys dosed with potassium dichromate for up to six months by drinking water, decreases in sperm count and motility were found after two months, and disrupted spermatogenesis and histopathological changes in the testis and epididymis (ductal obstruction, germ cell depletion, hyperplasia of the Leydig cells, Sertoli cell fibrosis) were observed after six months (ATSDR (2012)). [Reference Data, etc.] (5) It is reported in epidemiological surveys on sperm quality from occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium that increased rate of morphologically abnormal sperms, a decreased sperm count, and decreased sperm motility were observed (CICAD (2013), ATSDR (2012)). Besides, an increased incidence of toxicosis and complications during pregnancy and childbirth was reported among female workers of a dichromate production facility, however, the nature of the complications and toxicosis was not specified (CICAD (2013)). (6) In tests in which male rats were exposed to this substance for 90 days or six months by inhalation, anomaly in the testis was not observed. Besides, reproductive and developmental effects were not detected in a three-generation test with rats exposed to potassium dichromate by inhalation or other tests (CICAD (2013)). (7) As for the dihydrate of this substance (CAS: 7789-12-0), in a combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test (OECD TG 422) with rats dosed by gavage, at the dose where maternal animals showed general toxicity effects such as decreased food consumption and effects on the blood, stomach, and kidney, extension of gestation length was observed, but there were no effects on fertility, and effects on deliveries and offspring were not observed (JECDB (Accessed Jan. 2019)). (8) It was classified in Repr. 1B in EU CLP. Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) classified chromium and its compounds in reproductive toxicants Group 3 (OEL Documentations (Reproductive toxicant classification) (Japan Society For Occupational Health (JSOH) 2014)). |
FY2018 | GHS Classification Guidance for the Japanese Government (FY2013 revised edition (Ver. 1.1)) |
| 8 | Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure | Category 1 (respiratory system, kidney, liver) |
Danger |
H370 | P308+P311 P260 P264 P270 P321 P405 P501 |
There were numerous case reports of deaths after oral exposure to the substance, and the remarkable effects in survivors were manifested as necrosis of the liver and necrosis of renal tubules (EU-RAR 53 (2005), EHC (1988)). It was also described that the kidney damages were brought by absorption of hexavalent chromium compounds through the skin (EU-RAR 53 (2005)). Based on the information, the substance was classified as Category 1 (liver, kidney). In the human case reports, it was described that inhalation of aqueous solutions of the mists resulted in irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract with pain in the nasal cavity and chest, cough, dyspnea and cyanosis (EU-RAR 53 (2005)). It was also reported that the autopsy in a 22-month-old boy who died at 18.5 hours after ingestion of the substance revealed pulmonary edema, severe bronchitis, and acute bronchopneumonia (HSDB (2000)). Based on the information, the substance was classified as Category 1 (respiratory system). Therefore, the classification of this hazard class was concluded as Category 1 (respiratory system, kidney, liver). In addition, there was a description of the findings in humans after oral ingestion as hemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract and toxicity of hematopoietic organs (EHC 61 (1988)). However, the findings were regarded as the local effect by oral ingestion of corrosive chemicals. Thus, it was excluded from the objective for the classification of this hazard class. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 9 | Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure | Category 1 (respiratory system, blood system) |
Danger |
H372 | P260 P264 P270 P314 P501 |
There were numerous reports on epidemiological studies for workers who had continuous contact with chromium compounds in production or plating plant for chromium, ulcers or perforations of the nasal septum were observed (EHC 61 (1998), EU-RAR (2005), IRIS (1998)). And there were also descriptions of occupational exposure cases for bronchitis, bronchopneumopathy, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis and decrease in lung function (EHC 61 (1998), EU-RAR 53 (2005)). Based on the information, the substance was classified as Category 1 (respiratory system). While, mild normochromic anemia was reported in 94 subjects exposed to chromium compounds (EHC 61 (1998)), and elevated leukocyte counts or presence of immature neutrophils was also reported as the effect of pollution of well water near the chromium alloy plant (IRIS (1998)). Furthermore, it was reported in the animal studies that rats administered orally at 30 mg/kg/day (corresponding to Category 2) for about 45 days revealed lower values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin concentration ("Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals" (Chemicals Investigation Promoting Council) (Access on Jun. 2009)), and that rats exposed by inhalation at 0.05 - 0.4 mg Cr (VI)/m3 (corresponding to Category 1) for 30 days revealed leukocytosis with dose-dependency (IRIS (1998)). Based on the information, the substance was classified as Category 1 (blood system). Besides, there was a description that the exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds were formerly said to cause renal damage (ACGIH (2001)). However, the year reported was old, and the renal damage was observed in only one animal in the MHLW study ("Toxicity Testing Reports of Environmental Chemicals" (Chemicals Investigation Promoting Council) (Access on Jun. 2009)), and the information of renal damage was judged as uncertain based on the reports of epidemiological studies, etc. （IRIS （1998））. Thus, the kidney was not adopted for classification. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 10 | Aspiration hazard | Classification not possible |
- |
- | - | No data available. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| Hazard class | Classification | Pictogram Signal word |
Hazard statement (code) |
Precautionary statement (code) |
Rationale for the classification | Classification year (FY) | GHS Classification Guidance for the Japanese Government | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | Hazardous to the aquatic environment Short term (Acute) | Category 1 |
 Warning |
H400 | P273 P391 P501 |
Classified into Category 1 from its 48h-EC50 = 0.112 mg/L for crustacea (Daphnia magna) (EU-RAR, 2005). | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 11 | Hazardous to the aquatic environment Long term (Chronic) | Category 1 |
Warning |
H410 | P273 P391 P501 |
Classified into Category 1 since its acute toxicity is Category 1 and the behavior in water is unknown from which it is a metal compound. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
| 12 | Hazardous to the ozone layer | Classification not possible |
- |
- | - | This substance is not listed in Annexes to the Montreal Protocol. | FY2010 | GHS Classification Guidance by the Japanese Government （July, 2010） |
NOTE:
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